Pangaea
Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent to join nearly all of Earth's major landmasses, shaping climates, oceans, fossils, and the later arrangement of modern continents.
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Science Topics
Browse Qlopedia topics grouped under Science.
298 topics, showing 145-168 on page 7 of 13.
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Rachel Carson
Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist and writer whose book Silent Spring helped bring pesticide risks, ecology, and environmental responsibility into public debate.
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin was a British physical chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose careful images and measurements of DNA helped reveal the double helix and whose later work advanced the study of viruses.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net spread of particles from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration because of random molecular motion. It shapes gases, liquids, cell membranes, physiology, and many everyday mixing processes.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that breaks glucose into pyruvate while capturing energy as ATP and NADH.
Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar and central biological fuel that cells use, store, transport, and convert through carbohydrate metabolism.
Triglyceride
A triglyceride is a lipid made from glycerol and three fatty acids, serving as a major storage form of fat and metabolic energy.
Fatty acid
A fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group that helps build fats, phospholipids, membranes, and energy-storage molecules.
Phospholipid
A phospholipid is an amphipathic lipid with a phosphate-containing head and hydrophobic tails, making it a major building block of biological membranes.
Lipid bilayer
A lipid bilayer is a two-layer membrane structure that forms the basic barrier of cells, organelles, and many viral envelopes.
Nucleocapsid
A nucleocapsid is the viral genome packaged with capsid or nucleoproteins, forming the protected core of many virus particles.
Viral envelope
A viral envelope is a lipid membrane around some virus particles that carries proteins for attachment, entry, and immune recognition.
Virion
A virion is a complete virus particle outside a host cell, built to protect a viral genome and deliver it into another cell.
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell that packages and protects a virus genome while helping the virus assemble, survive, and enter cells.
HIV protease
HIV protease is a viral enzyme that cuts HIV polyproteins into functional pieces needed to make mature infectious virions.
Integrase
Integrase is a viral enzyme that inserts retroviral DNA into a host cell genome, creating a provirus.
Provirus
A provirus is viral DNA that has become integrated into a host cell genome and can be copied with that genome.
Retrovirus
A retrovirus is an RNA virus that copies its genome into DNA and integrates that DNA into a host cell genome.
Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template, reversing the usual DNA-to-RNA information flow.
Telomerase
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends telomeres by copying a built-in RNA template into DNA.
Telomere
A telomere is a repetitive DNA-protein structure that protects the ends of linear chromosomes.
Centromere
A centromere is the chromosome region that organizes kinetochore formation and helps chromosomes segregate during cell division.
Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a compact chromatin state often associated with gene repression, repetitive DNA, and chromosome stability.
Euchromatin
Euchromatin is a relatively open form of chromatin where DNA is more accessible to transcription and other genome activities.