Public consultation
Public consultation is a process for gathering views, evidence, and concerns from people before a public decision is made.
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Freedom of information
Freedom of information is the right to request and receive records held by public authorities, subject to lawful limits.
Open government
Open government is a way of governing that makes public decisions, information, and institutions more transparent, accountable, and participatory.
Citizens' assembly
A citizens' assembly is a group of people selected to learn about, deliberate on, and make recommendations about a public issue.
Participatory budgeting
Participatory budgeting is a process in which residents help propose, discuss, and vote on how to spend part of a public budget.
Credit union
A credit union is a member-owned financial cooperative that provides services such as savings accounts, loans, payments, and financial education.
Community land trust
A community land trust is a nonprofit model that holds land for community benefit, often to keep housing affordable across generations.
Solidarity economy
Solidarity economy is an approach to economic life that prioritizes people, community, democracy, and ecological wellbeing over profit maximization.
Social enterprise
A social enterprise is an organization that uses business activity to pursue a social or environmental mission as a central purpose.
Platform cooperativism
Platform cooperativism is a movement and business model that applies cooperative ownership and democratic governance to digital platforms.
Worker cooperative
A worker cooperative is a business owned and democratically governed by the people who work in it.
Cooperative
A cooperative is an enterprise or association owned and democratically controlled by the people who use it, work in it, or otherwise share its purpose.
Local currency
A local currency is money or credit designed for use within a town, region, network, or community rather than across a whole national economy.
Mutual aid
Mutual aid is organized support among people who share resources, services, and care to meet needs together rather than through one-way charity alone.
Time banking
Time banking is a community exchange system where people earn credits for hours of help and spend those credits on help from other members.
Servitization
Servitization is the move from selling products alone toward selling services, outcomes, maintenance, data, and long-term support around those products.
Sharing economy
The sharing economy is a broad set of models in which people, organizations, or platforms enable temporary access to goods, spaces, services, skills, or assets. It can include peer-to-peer rentals, shared mobility, home sharing, tool lending, libraries of things, and platform-mediated services.
Library of Things
A Library of Things is a lending collection for useful physical objects beyond books, such as tools, kitchen equipment, camping gear, games, instruments, technology kits, and household devices. It helps people borrow items they need occasionally instead of buying, storing, and discarding them individually.
Material recovery facility
A material recovery facility, or MRF, is a recycling plant that receives collected recyclables, separates them by material type and grade, removes contamination, and prepares marketable paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, and glass streams for manufacturers or further processors.
Reuse center
A reuse center is a facility or retail operation that accepts usable products, building materials, fixtures, furniture, appliances, or surplus goods and redirects them to new users instead of disposal. Reuse centers preserve product value, reduce waste, and make recovered goods available for repair, resale, donation, or community projects.
Repair Cafe
A Repair Cafe is a community repair event where people bring broken household items and work with volunteer fixers to diagnose, mend, or maintain them. The model keeps useful goods in service, teaches repair skills, and makes repair a social activity rather than a private chore.
Packaging waste
Packaging waste is the discarded material used to contain, protect, transport, display, or sell products. It includes boxes, bottles, cans, wrappers, films, trays, bags, cushioning, labels, and closures, and it is a major focus of waste prevention, recycling, reuse, and producer-responsibility policy.
Reuse economy
The reuse economy is the network of businesses, public programs, community groups, and everyday practices that keep products in use through resale, donation, repair, sharing, rental, refurbishment, and direct reuse instead of sending them quickly to recycling or disposal.
Product-as-a-service
Product-as-a-service is a business model in which customers pay for access, performance, or outcomes from a product rather than buying and owning the product outright. It can support circular economy goals when providers retain responsibility for maintenance, repair, reuse, refurbishment, and recovery.
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