Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that drift in water, form the base of many aquatic food webs, and help move carbon through the ocean.
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Ocean deoxygenation
Ocean deoxygenation is the decline of dissolved oxygen in seawater, driven by warming, changing circulation, and biological oxygen use in open and coastal waters.
Marine snow
Marine snow is the steady fall of tiny organic particles from the sunlit ocean into deeper water, feeding deep-sea life and moving carbon through the ocean.
Thermohaline circulation
Thermohaline circulation is the slow movement of deep ocean water driven by density differences caused mainly by temperature and salinity.
Coral restoration
Coral restoration uses active interventions such as nurseries, outplanting, and habitat repair to help damaged reefs recover key coral populations and ecosystem functions.
Upwelling
Upwelling is the rise of deeper, colder, often nutrient-rich water toward the ocean surface, where it can fuel plankton growth and productive marine food webs.
Marine protected areas
Marine protected areas are designated ocean, coastal, estuary, or Great Lakes places managed to provide lasting protection for natural, cultural, or historical resources.
Kelp forests
Kelp forests are underwater habitats formed by large brown algae that grow in cool, nutrient-rich coastal waters and shelter many marine species.
Marine heatwaves
Marine heatwaves are periods of unusually warm ocean temperatures that last long enough to stress marine ecosystems, fisheries, and coastal communities.
Coral bleaching
Coral bleaching happens when stressed corals lose the algae that give them color and much of their food, often because seawater stays too warm for too long.
Mangrove restoration
Mangrove restoration repairs or rebuilds degraded mangrove wetlands by restoring tidal conditions, protecting natural recovery, and planting only where the site can support mangroves.
Coastal wetlands
Coastal wetlands are wetland habitats in coastal watersheds, including salt marshes, mangroves, tidal marshes, and coastal swamps.
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the long-term decrease in ocean pH caused mainly by seawater absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Storm surge
Storm surge is the abnormal rise of seawater pushed toward shore by a storm, often causing dangerous coastal flooding during hurricanes and tropical storms.
Seagrass meadows
Seagrass meadows are underwater habitats formed by marine flowering plants that shelter wildlife, stabilize sediment, improve water clarity, and store blue carbon.
Oyster reefs
Oyster reefs are living shellfish structures in coastal and estuarine waters that filter water, create habitat, support fisheries, and can help buffer shorelines.
Managed retreat
Managed retreat is the planned movement of people, buildings, infrastructure, or land uses away from places where flooding, erosion, or sea level rise make staying increasingly risky.
Beach nourishment
Beach nourishment adds compatible sand or sediment to an eroding beach to widen the shore, rebuild dunes, and reduce some coastal storm and erosion risks.
Stream restoration
Stream restoration repairs or improves degraded stream channels and riparian areas so water, sediment, habitat, and floodplain processes work more naturally.
Blue carbon
Blue carbon is carbon captured and stored by ocean and coastal ecosystems, especially mangroves, salt marshes, seagrasses, and their waterlogged soils.
Living shorelines
Living shorelines use natural materials and coastal habitats to stabilize sheltered shores while supporting wildlife, cleaner water, and resilience.
Salt marshes
Salt marshes are coastal wetlands flooded and drained by tides, where salt-tolerant plants build habitat between land and sea.
Sediment
Sediment is loose material such as sand, silt, clay, gravel, or organic particles that is moved and deposited by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
Green infrastructure
Green infrastructure uses plants, soils, permeable surfaces, and natural processes to manage stormwater while adding benefits for water, heat, habitat, and communities.
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