Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate across synapses. They help convert electrical activity in one neuron into chemical signals that can excite, inhibit, or modulate another cell.
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Life Science Topics
Browse Qlopedia topics grouped under Life Science.
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Synapse
A synapse is a specialized connection where a neuron communicates with another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Synapses convert activity in one cell into signals that can excite, inhibit, modulate, or coordinate activity in another cell.
Neuron
A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that receives, processes, and sends information through the nervous system. Neurons use electrical signals within the cell and chemical or electrical signaling at synapses to coordinate sensation, movement, thought, memory, emotion, and body regulation.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that help cells, organs, and tissues coordinate activity across the body. They influence growth, metabolism, stress responses, reproduction, sleep rhythms, blood sugar, mood, salt and water balance, and many other processes.
Antibodies
Antibodies are immune-system proteins that recognize specific targets called antigens. They help the body mark, block, or remove microbes and toxins, and they are also central to vaccines, diagnostic tests, autoimmune disease, allergy, and many modern medicines.
Stem cells
Stem cells are cells that can make more copies of themselves and, under the right conditions, develop into specialized cell types. They are essential during early development, help maintain some adult tissues, and are studied for disease modeling, drug testing, tissue repair, and carefully regulated medical therapies.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway is a glucose-linked metabolic route that produces NADPH, pentose sugars, and ribose-5-phosphate for biosynthesis and redox balance.
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is the anabolic pathway that builds glycogen from glucose-derived units when cells have enough glucose and need to store carbohydrate.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks glycogen into glucose-derived units so cells can respond quickly to fasting, exercise, or stress.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a branched storage form of glucose that animals, fungi, and some microbes use as a quickly mobilized energy reserve.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that makes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, and some amino acids.
Glyoxylate cycle
The glyoxylate cycle is a metabolic pathway that bypasses carbon-losing steps of the citric acid cycle so cells can turn two-carbon compounds into biosynthetic material.
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl-CoA, releases carbon dioxide, and produces electron carriers for ATP production.
Metabolic pathway
A metabolic pathway is an ordered series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that transforms molecules through intermediates inside a cell.
Anabolism
Anabolism is the build-up side of metabolism, using energy and enzyme-controlled pathways to make larger, more organized molecules from smaller ones.
Catabolism
Catabolism is the breakdown side of metabolism, using enzyme-controlled pathways to degrade molecules and capture usable energy or building blocks.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the full network of enzyme-driven chemical reactions that lets cells capture energy, build molecules, break down fuels, and maintain life.
AMP
AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, is a nucleotide that helps link RNA structure, ATP energy cycling, and cellular energy sensing.
ATP
ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a small nucleotide that cells use to transfer usable energy to chemical work, movement, transport, and signaling.
ATP synthase
ATP synthase is a membrane enzyme complex that uses ion flow, usually protons, to help make ATP from ADP and phosphate.
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions, usually protons, down an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to power cellular work such as ATP synthesis.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which cells use electron transport and a proton gradient to make ATP, often with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain is a series of membrane proteins and carriers that pass electrons through redox reactions while helping cells conserve energy as ATP.
Sulfur assimilation
Sulfur assimilation is the process by which organisms take up inorganic sulfur, usually sulfate, reduce it, and incorporate it into sulfur-containing biomolecules.