Lipid bilayer
A lipid bilayer is a two-layer membrane structure that forms the basic barrier of cells, organelles, and many viral envelopes.
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Nucleocapsid
A nucleocapsid is the viral genome packaged with capsid or nucleoproteins, forming the protected core of many virus particles.
Viral envelope
A viral envelope is a lipid membrane around some virus particles that carries proteins for attachment, entry, and immune recognition.
Virion
A virion is a complete virus particle outside a host cell, built to protect a viral genome and deliver it into another cell.
Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell that packages and protects a virus genome while helping the virus assemble, survive, and enter cells.
HIV protease
HIV protease is a viral enzyme that cuts HIV polyproteins into functional pieces needed to make mature infectious virions.
Integrase
Integrase is a viral enzyme that inserts retroviral DNA into a host cell genome, creating a provirus.
Provirus
A provirus is viral DNA that has become integrated into a host cell genome and can be copied with that genome.
Retrovirus
A retrovirus is an RNA virus that copies its genome into DNA and integrates that DNA into a host cell genome.
Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template, reversing the usual DNA-to-RNA information flow.
Telomerase
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that extends telomeres by copying a built-in RNA template into DNA.
Telomere
A telomere is a repetitive DNA-protein structure that protects the ends of linear chromosomes.
Centromere
A centromere is the chromosome region that organizes kinetochore formation and helps chromosomes segregate during cell division.
Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a compact chromatin state often associated with gene repression, repetitive DNA, and chromosome stability.
Euchromatin
Euchromatin is a relatively open form of chromatin where DNA is more accessible to transcription and other genome activities.
Histone variant
A histone variant is a non-canonical histone protein that can replace a standard histone to give chromatin specialized properties.
Chromatin remodeling
Chromatin remodeling changes nucleosome position or composition so DNA can become more or less accessible.
Histone modification
Histone modification is the chemical alteration of histone proteins that helps regulate chromatin structure and gene activity.
Insulator
A genetic insulator is a DNA regulatory element that helps separate neighboring gene-control regions.
Silencer
A silencer is a regulatory DNA element that helps reduce or shut off transcription of a target gene.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information in a gene is used to make a functional RNA or protein product.
Reaction norm
A reaction norm shows how a genotype produces different phenotypes across an environmental range.
Phenotypic plasticity
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of one genotype to produce different phenotypes when conditions change.
Phenotype
A phenotype is the observable or measurable set of traits produced by an organism's genotype, environment, development, and life history.
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