Grid-forming inverter
An advanced inverter control approach that can establish voltage and frequency for power systems with high levels of solar, wind, batteries, and other inverter-based resources.
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Industrial heat pump
A high-capacity heat pump that upgrades waste, ambient, or low-temperature heat into useful process heat for factories, district systems, and other large energy users.
Virtual power plant
A virtual power plant, or VPP, is a coordinated network of distributed energy resources that can act like a single grid resource. It may combine batteries, rooftop solar, smart thermostats, EV chargers, water heaters, generators, and flexible loads through software, controls, and market rules.
Demand response
Demand response is the practice of changing electricity use in response to prices, incentives, or grid reliability signals. Instead of only increasing power supply during stressful hours, utilities and grid operators can ask customers or devices to reduce, shift, or sometimes increase load at useful times.
Geopolymer concrete
Geopolymer concrete is a concrete-like material that uses an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder instead of ordinary portland cement as the main binder. It can use materials such as fly ash, slag, or metakaolin, but its performance and carbon benefits depend strongly on chemistry, activators, curing, supply chains, and standards.
Vacuum-insulated glass
Vacuum-insulated glass, or VIG, is a high-performance window glazing technology that places a thin vacuum gap between panes of glass. By removing most gas conduction and convection between the panes, it can deliver strong insulation in a thinner profile than many conventional double- or triple-pane units.
Cool pavement
Cool pavement refers to road, sidewalk, parking, and plaza surfaces designed to stay cooler than conventional dark pavement. Strategies include higher solar reflectance, permeable or evaporative surfaces, shade, material selection, and designs that reduce heat storage.
Electrolysis
Electrolysis uses electric current to drive a chemical reaction that would not otherwise proceed on its own. It is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, refine metals, plate surfaces, make chemicals, and connect renewable electricity to fuels and industrial feedstocks.
German
A West Germanic language spoken natively by around 95 million people, German has shaped philosophy, science, and literature for centuries — and remains the most widely spoken native language in the European Union.
Biochar
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid made by heating biomass in a low-oxygen environment. It is used as a soil amendment, compost additive, filtration material, and carbon-storage product, but its effects depend strongly on feedstock, production conditions, soil, climate, and application rate.
District cooling
District cooling supplies chilled water from a central plant or network to multiple buildings for air conditioning and process cooling. By sharing equipment, pipes, storage, and heat-rejection systems, it can improve efficiency and reliability in dense campuses and urban districts.
Rammed earth
Rammed earth is a construction method that compacts damp soil or engineered earth mixtures inside temporary forms to make dense walls. It is valued for thermal mass, local materials, texture, and durability, but it depends on careful soil selection, structural design, moisture protection, and maintenance.
Green steel
Green steel is a broad term for steel made with much lower greenhouse-gas emissions than conventional coal-based blast furnace production. It can involve more scrap recycling, renewable electricity, hydrogen direct reduction, carbon capture, process efficiency, and cleaner industrial heat.
Friction stir welding
Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process that uses a rotating tool to soften, stir, and forge metal along a joint without melting the workpieces. It is especially important for aluminum alloys, transportation structures, shipbuilding, rail cars, and aerospace tanks.
Passive house
A passive house is a high-performance building designed to stay comfortable with very little heating or cooling energy. It uses a carefully insulated and airtight envelope, high-quality windows, controlled ventilation with heat recovery, and detailed thermal-bridge reduction.
Induction cooking
Induction cooking uses an electromagnetic field to heat compatible cookware directly instead of heating a burner and then transferring heat into the pan. The result is fast, responsive electric cooking with different cookware, safety, and installation considerations from gas or radiant electric stoves.
Cross-laminated timber
Cross-laminated timber, or CLT, is an engineered wood panel made from layers of lumber bonded at right angles. It lets builders use large prefabricated wood panels for walls, floors, roofs, and other structural parts of mid-rise and tall mass-timber buildings.
Flow battery
A flow battery is a rechargeable battery that stores energy in liquid electrolytes held in external tanks and pumped through an electrochemical cell stack. Flow batteries are often studied for stationary and grid-scale storage because energy capacity can be increased by enlarging tanks while power depends mainly on the stack.
Pollinator garden
A pollinator garden is a planted space designed to provide food, shelter, host plants, and safer habitat for bees, butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, hummingbirds, and other pollinators. Good designs use locally appropriate plants, staggered bloom times, reduced pesticide pressure, and nesting or overwintering habitat.
Crop rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops on the same field in a planned sequence across seasons or years. Rotations can support soil health, disrupt pest and disease cycles, manage nutrients, spread labor, and reduce risk when they are matched to local climate, markets, and farm goals.
Battery management system
A battery management system, or BMS, is the electronics and software that monitor, protect, and control a rechargeable battery pack. It estimates battery state, keeps cells within safe limits, manages balancing and contactors, and communicates with chargers, vehicles, inverters, or energy storage systems.
Cool roof
A cool roof is a roof designed to reflect more sunlight and release absorbed heat more effectively than a conventional dark roof. Cool roofs can lower roof surface temperatures, reduce building cooling demand in hot seasons, and help limit urban heat island effects when used in the right climate and building context.
Sodium-ion battery
A sodium-ion battery is a rechargeable battery that moves sodium ions between electrodes during charge and discharge. It is being developed as a lower-cost, more abundant-material alternative to some lithium-ion batteries, especially for grid storage, stationary backup power, and other uses where maximum energy density is not the only priority.
Green ammonia
Green ammonia is ammonia made with hydrogen from low-carbon or renewable electricity instead of hydrogen from fossil fuels. It is discussed as a way to decarbonize fertilizer production, store hydrogen in a denser chemical form, and supply future fuels for shipping or power.
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