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A rainscreen is an exterior wall approach that separates cladding from the water-resistive layer behind it with a drainage and often ventilated cavity. The outer cladding sheds most rain, while the cavity, flashing, and inner control layers drain, dry, and manage water that gets past the first line of defense.
A vapor barrier, more accurately called a vapor retarder, is a material or coating that slows water vapor diffusion through a building assembly. It can help reduce condensation risk in walls, roofs, floors, basements, and crawlspaces, but only when it is matched to the climate, assembly, air barrier, insulation, and drying path.
A thermal bridge is a localized path where heat flows more easily through a building envelope than through the surrounding insulated assembly. It can occur at framing, balconies, slab edges, fasteners, corners, window perimeters, foundations, and other junctions, reducing comfort and energy performance while increasing condensation risk.
A building envelope is the set of walls, roofs, windows, doors, floors, and foundations that separates indoor space from outdoor or unconditioned space. It controls heat, air, moisture, sunlight, sound, views, and weather exposure, making it central to comfort, durability, energy use, and indoor environmental quality.
Daylighting is the planned use of sunlight and diffuse daylight to illuminate building interiors. It uses windows, skylights, clerestories, atriums, light shelves, reflective surfaces, shading, and lighting controls to reduce electric lighting while protecting comfort, views, and energy performance.
Thermal comfort describes whether people feel acceptably warm, cool, or neutral in a space. It is not just room temperature: humidity, air speed, radiant heat from surfaces, clothing, activity level, acclimatization, health, and personal control all affect how a thermal environment feels.
Microclimates are local climate conditions that differ from the surrounding area. A shaded courtyard, sunny slope, frost hollow, forest edge, beach, rooftop, or street canyon can have its own pattern of temperature, humidity, wind, sunlight, and moisture, even when it shares the same regional weather forecast.
Dementia is a syndrome involving decline in memory, thinking, behavior, communication, or daily function severe enough to interfere with everyday life. It has many causes, including Alzheimer disease, vascular brain injury, Lewy body disease, frontotemporal degeneration, and other brain conditions.
Alzheimer disease is a progressive brain disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It gradually damages memory, thinking, behavior, communication, independence, and daily function through complex changes in neurons, synapses, proteins, inflammation, and brain networks.
Parkinson disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects movement and many non-motor body functions. It is linked to loss of dopamine-producing neurons in brain circuits involved in movement, and it can cause tremor, slowness, stiffness, balance problems, sleep changes, mood symptoms, pain, and cognitive changes.
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders marked by a tendency to have recurrent seizures. Seizures happen when abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain temporarily disrupt awareness, movement, sensation, behavior, or body function.
Anxiety is a state of fear, worry, or apprehension that can involve both thoughts and body sensations. It becomes a health problem when it is intense, persistent, hard to control, or disruptive to daily life, and anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions.
Depression is a mental health condition that can cause persistent low mood, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite, low energy, difficulty concentrating, guilt, hopelessness, physical symptoms, and thoughts of death or suicide. It is treatable, but it can be serious and disabling.
The placebo effect is a change in symptoms, perception, or body response linked to the meaning and context of a treatment rather than to a specific active ingredient. It is important in clinical trials, pain research, patient care, and how people interpret treatment results.
Migraine is a neurological disorder that causes recurring attacks of head pain and other nervous-system symptoms. It is more than a bad headache: attacks can involve nausea, light and sound sensitivity, visual aura, dizziness, fatigue, and disruption to daily life.
The thyroid is a small endocrine gland in the front of the neck that makes hormones affecting metabolism, growth, temperature regulation, heart function, and development. Its activity is controlled by feedback signals involving the brain, pituitary gland, and thyroid hormones.
Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands. It helps regulate metabolism, immune activity, inflammation, blood pressure, sleep-wake timing, and the body's response to physical and psychological stress.
Insulin is a hormone made mainly by beta cells in the pancreas. It helps regulate blood glucose by signaling cells to take up, store, and use glucose, and it is central to metabolism, diabetes, and many forms of diabetes treatment.
Clinical trials are research studies involving people that test health interventions, compare approaches, or collect evidence about safety and effectiveness. They are central to medicine, public health, drug development, devices, vaccines, behavioral care, and many treatment guidelines.
Targeted therapy is cancer treatment that uses drugs designed to act on specific molecules, proteins, pathways, or genetic changes that help cancer cells grow, survive, or spread. It is a major part of precision oncology, but it works only when the target matters and the tumor is vulnerable to the drug.
Immunotherapy is treatment that uses, restores, or redirects the immune system to help fight disease. In cancer care, it can help immune cells recognize and attack cancer, but it works only for some cancers and can cause distinctive immune-related side effects.
Chemotherapy is cancer treatment that uses medicines to kill cancer cells, slow their growth, or reduce the chance that cancer returns. It can be used alone or with surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and supportive care.
Cancer is a large group of diseases in which some cells grow out of control and can invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It can begin in many tissues, has many causes and risk factors, and is treated with different combinations of surgery, medicines, radiation, immunotherapy, and supportive care.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate across synapses. They help convert electrical activity in one neuron into chemical signals that can excite, inhibit, or modulate another cell.
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